HISTORY OF WICCA IN ENGLAND: 1939 – 1991
This talk was given by Julia Phillips at the Wiccan Conference in Canberra, 1991.
It is mainly about the early days of the Wicca in England; specifically, what we now call Gardnerian and Alexandrian traditions.
The text remains “as given”, so please remember when you read it that it was never intended to be “read”, but “heard” and debated.
There are three main strands I intend to examine: one, Gardner’s claim of traditional initiation, and its subsequent development; two, magical traditions to which Gardner would have had access; and three, literary sources.
Miles Williams Mathis: Gerald Gardner – Witch, Amateur Archaeologist & Intelligence Asset? – Library of Rickandria
As we look at these three main threads, it is important to bear in mind that Gardner was 55 years old at the time of his claimed initiation; that he had spent many years in Malaya, and had an enormous interest in magic, Folklore and Mythology.
By the time he published High Magic’s Aid, he was 65, and 75 when “The Meaning of Witchcraft” appeared.
He died in 1964, at the age of 80.
Gardner was born in 1884 and spent most of his working adult life in Malaya.
He retired and returned to the UK in 1936.
He joined the Folklore Society, and in June 1938, also joined the newly opened Rosicrucian Theatre at Christchurch where it is said he met Old Dorothy Clutterbuck.
Dorothy Clutterbuck (19 January 1880 – 12 January 1951), was a wealthy Englishwoman who was named by Gerald Gardner as a leading member of the New Forest coven, a group of pagan Witches into which Gardner claimed to have been initiated in 1939. She has therefore become a figure of some significance in the history of Wicca. Clutterbuck was a practising Anglican Christian, and never identified herself as a witch. Researchers have debated whether the surviving evidence of her own writings indicates that she had any unconventional religious leanings at all. Dorothy Clutterbuck (19 January 1880 – 12 January 1951), was a wealthy Englishwoman who was named by Gerald Gardner as a leading member of the New Forest coven, a group of pagan Witches into which Gardner claimed to have been initiated in 1939. She has therefore become a figure of some significance in the history of Wicca. Clutterbuck was a practicing Anglican Christian and never identified herself as a witch. Researchers have debated whether the surviving evidence of her own writings indicates that she had any unconventional religious leanings at all.
I chose 1939 as my arbitrary starting point as that was the year that Gerald Gardner claims he was initiated by Old Dorothy into a practicing coven of the Old Religion, that met in the New Forest area of Britain. In his own words,
“I realized that I had stumbled upon something interesting; but I was half-initiated before the word, “Wica” which they used hit me like a thunderbolt, and I knew where I was, and that the Old Religion still existed.
And so, I found myself in the Circle, and there took the usual oath of secrecy, which bound me not to reveal certain things.”
This quote is taken from The Meaning of Witchcraft, which was published in 1959.
“Those of us who use the word witch with all of the pride and fortification that it offers us do so thanks to Gardner’s lucid, liberating vision.”—Pam Grossman, author of Waking the Witch: Reflections on Women, Magic, and Power
Often called the father of modern witchcraft , Gerald Gardner’s life and works were ground-breaking in opening the door for the modern revival of Wicca and neo-paganism . The Meaning of Witchcraft (originally published in 1959) was the first sympathetic book written from the point of view of a practicing witch.
“The foundation of magical beliefs,” Gardner wrote, “of which witchcraft is a form, is that unseen Powers exist , and that by performing the right sort of ritual, these Powers can be contacted and either forced or persuaded to assist one in some way. People believed this in the Stone Age, and they believe it, consciously or not, today. It is now well known that most superstition is, in fact, broken-down ritual. The meaning of witchcraft is to be found not in strange religious theories about God and Satan but in the deepest levels of the human mind , the collective unconscious, and the earliest developments of human society.”
The Meaning of Witchcraft is an enduring and invaluable source book for witches today. This Weiser Classics edition includes a new foreword by Pam Grossman , author of Waking the Witch. In it, Grossman revisits the historical role and mixed legacy that Gardner has played in the revival of witchcraft and magic in modern times.
The Meaning of Witchcraft (Weiser Classics Series) – Anna’s Archive
It is interesting that in this quote, Gardner spells Wicca with only one “c”; in the earlier “Witchcraft Today” (1954) and “High Magic’s Aid” (1949), the word Wicca is not even
used.
His own derivation for the word, given in “The Meaning of Witchcraft”, is as follows:
“As they (the Dane and Saxon invaders of England) had no witches of their own they had no special name for them; however, they made one up from “wig” an idol, and “laer”, learning, “wiglaer” which they shortened into “Wicca”.
“It is a curious fact that when the witches became English speaking, they adopted their Saxon name, “Wica”.”
In “An ABC of Witchcraft Past and Present”, Doreen Valiente does not have an entry for Wicca, but when discussing Witchcraft, does mention the Saxon derivation from the word Wicca or Wicce.
What Is the Relationship of the Bible to Witchcraft? What Are Fairies, And Magical Alphabets? What Were the Links Between Druidism and Witchcraft? An Abc of Witchcraft Covers These Subjects and Many More from the Well-informed and Gentle Viewpoint of Practicing Witch, Doreen Valiente. Arranged In Alphabetical Order for Easy Reference, The Book Discusses Over 125 Subjects That May Concern Anyone Wishing to Know More About This Ancient Pagan Religion. Other Topics Include Atlantis, Witches’ Familiars, Dancing, Fire Magic, Flying Ointments, Horses and Witchcraft, Initiations, Love Charms, Royalty and Its Connection with Witchcraft, Etc., Etc., With Up to Several Pages on Each Subject. Both The Layman and Experienced Practitioner Will Find This Book Enjoyable and Fascinating! Over 30,000 Sold!
An ABC of Witchcraft: Past and Present – Anna’s Archive
In the more recently published The Rebirth of Witchcraft, however, she rejects this Saxon theory in favor of Prof. Russell’s derivation from the Indo-European root “Weik”, which relates to things connected with magic and religion.
Since 1951, when the last of the Witchcraft Acts was repealed, many books have been written about the reappearance of witchcraft and the development of a pagan theology. Churchmen have denounced it. Sociologists have wondered at it. Journalists have penned sensational stories about it. But until the publication of this book, no one had told the real story of it from the inside as frankly as it is told here. Doreen Valiente, one of witchcraft’s most widely known figures, was a close friend of the late Gerald Gardner, generally regarded as the founder of present-day witchcraft. Initiated by him and for a time High Priestess of his coven, Doreen Valiente helped him rewrite his seminal Book of Shadows. She records the break with Gardner that split his coven, the controversy surrounding Alex Sanders,’King of the Witches’and memories of many other witches whom she has known, including the lady called’Dafo’, Robert Cochrane, Leslie Roberts and Sybil Leek. Doreen Valiente took part in many witchcraft rituals and had strange psychic experiences as a result. Described here are the clairvoyant communications she received purporting to come from’John Brakespeare’, an eighteenth-century witch. The Rebirth of Witchcraft traces the lineage of the present-day witchcraft from its forerunners through to modern feminist neo-paganism and the new wave of interest in ecology and holistic medicine.
The Rebirth of Witchcraft – Anna’s Archive
Doreen Valiente strongly supports Gardner’s claim of traditional initiation and published the results of her successful attempt to prove the existence of Dorothy Clutterbuck in an appendix to “The Witches’ Way” by Janet and Stewart Farrar.
The Complete Witches’ Handbook.Everything you need to know is here! The Sabbats; Casting & Banishing the Magic Circle; The Complete Book of Shadows; The Great Rite; Initiation Rites; Consecration Rites; Spells; Witches’ Tools; Witchcraft & Sex; Running a Coven; Clairvoyance;Astral Projection. This collection includes two books in one volume, Eight Sabbats for Witches and The Witches’ Way, and is the most comprehensive and revealing work on the principles, rituals and beliefs of modern witchcraft. Over 200,000 sold!
It is a marvelous piece of investigation but proving that Old Dorothy existed does nothing to support Gardner’s claims that she initiated him.
In his book, “Ritual Magic in England”, occultist Francis King does offer some anecdotal evidence in support of Gardner’s claims.
Francis Henry King CBE (4 March 1923 – 3 July 2011) was a British novelist and short-story writer. He worked for the British Council for 15 years, with positions in Europe and Japan. For 25 years, he was a chief book reviewer for the Sunday Telegraph, and for 10 years its theatre critic.
LOR:
Couldn’t find that book, but found this one.
Here is the inside story of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn told in its entirety for the first time. Francis King describes the conflict between W. B. Yeats and Aleister Crowley, the often difficult relationship between Yeats and Kabbalist MacGregor Mathers and Rudolph Steiner’s attempt to take over English occultism. With consummate scholarship King has created a definitive modern history of the Western esoteric tradition.
Modern ritual magic : the rise of western occultism – Anna’s Archive
Moina Mathers, born Mina Bergson (28 February 1865 – 25 July 1928), was an artist and occultist at the turn of the 20th century. She was the sister of French philosopher Henri Bergson, the first man of Jewish descent to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1927. She is, however, more known for her marriage to the English occultist, Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers, one of the founders of the organisation Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn and, after his death in 1918, for being the head of a successor organisation, called the Rosicrucian Order of Alpha et Omega.
However, it is only fair to point out that in the same book, he virtually accuses Moina Mathers of murder, based upon a misunderstanding of a story told by Dion Fortune!
Dion Fortune (born Violet Mary Firth, 6 December 1890 – 6 or 8 January 1946) was a British occultist, ceremonial magician, and writer. She was a co-founder of the Fraternity of the Inner Light, an occult organisation that promoted philosophies which she claimed had been taught to her by spiritual entities known as the Ascended Masters. A prolific writer, she produced a large number of articles and books on her occult ideas and also authored seven novels, several of which expound occult themes.
With that caveat, I’ll recount the tale in full:
King relates that in 1953, he became acquainted with Louis Wilkinson, who wrote under the penname of Louis Marlow, and had contributed essays to Crowley’s Equinox.
Louis Umfreville Wilkinson (17 December 1881 – 12 September 1966) was a British author, lecturer and biographer who usually wrote under the pseudonym Louis Marlow. In a long career he associated with a number of the prominent literary figures of his day, in particular the Powys brothers John Cowper, Theodore (“T.F.”) and Llewelyn. He also formed close friendships with Frank Harris, Somerset Maugham, and the notorious occultist and magician Aleister Crowley.
He later became one of Crowley’s literary executors.
King says that in conversation, Wilkinson told him that Crowley had claimed to have been offered initiation into a witch coven, but that he refused, as he didn’t want to be bossed around by a bunch of women.
Miles Williams Mathis: Stephen King – Royal Fake – Library of Rickandria
(This story is well-known and could have been picked up anywhere.)
Wilkinson then proceeded to tell King that he had himself become friendly with members of a coven operating in the New Forest area, and he thought that whilst it was possible that they derived their existence from Murray’s “Witch Cult in Western Europe”, he felt that they were rather older.
The Witch Cult in Western Europe : A Study in Anthropology – Anna’s Archive
King draws the obvious conclusion; that these witches were the very same as those who initiated Gardner.
King claims that the conversation with Wilkinson took place in 1953, although “Ritual Magic in England” was not published – or presumably written – until 1970.
However, on September 27 1952, “Illustrated” magazine published a feature by Allen Andrews, which included details of a working by,
“the Southern Coven of British Witches”
where 17 men and women met in the New Forest to repel an invasion by Hitler.
Miles Williams Mathis: Hitler & Top Nazi Genealogy – THEY WERE JEWS! – Library of Rickandria
Wilkinson had told King of this working during their conversation, which King believes to
be proof that such a coven existed; there are some differences in the two stories, and so it is possible that two sources are reporting the same event, but as Wilkinson’s conversation with
King came after the magazine article, we shall never know.
In the recently published “Crafting the Art of Magic”, Aidan Kelly uses this same source to “prove” (and I use the word advisedly – the book “proves” nothing”) that Gardner, Dorothy,
et al created Wicca one night following a social get together!
LOR:
Only book found…
Of one thing we can be certain though: whatever its origin, modern Wicca derives from Gardner.
There may of course be other traditional, hereditary witches, but even if they are genuine, then it is unlikely that they would have been able to “go public” had it not been for Gardner.
There have been many claims of “hereditary” origin (other than Gardner’s own!)
One of the most famous post-Gardner claimants to “hereditary” status was actress Ruth Wynn Owen, who fooled many people for a very long time before being exposed.
Roy Bowers, who used the pseudonym Robert Cochrane, was another:
Doreen Valiente describes her association with him in “The Rebirth of Witchcraft”, and The Roebuck, which is still active in the USA today, derives directly from Cochrane, via Joe Wilson.
“Witchcraft: A Tradition Renewed” by Evan John Jones with Doreen Valiente describes a tradition derived from Robert Cochrane.
Robert Cochrane (26 January 1931 – 3 July 1966), who was born as Roy Bowers, was an English occultist who founded the tradition of Witchcraft known as The Clan of Tubal Cain. Born in a working-class family in West London, he became interested in occultism after attending a Society for Psychical Research lecture, taking a particular interest in witchcraft. He founded one coven, but it soon collapsed. He began to claim to have been born to a hereditary family of witches whose practices stretched back to at least the 17th century; these statements have later been dismissed. He subsequently went on to found a tradition known as The Clan of Tubal Cain, through which he propagated his Craft. In 1966, he committed suicide. Cochrane continues to be seen as a key inspirational figure in the traditional witchcraft movement. Ever since his death, a number of Neopagan and magical groups have continued to adhere to his teachings.
Cochrane’s Craft – Wikipedia
This is a deeper and more serious book about witchcraft than most of the books on this subject on sale today. In fact, some readers, accustomed to a less profound view of the Old Religion, may find it disturbing. It is indeed unlike the rather airy-fairy view of ‘Wicca’ which has become
prevalent today, with its merry ring-dances in the nude and its insistence on a bland attitude of universal optimism and love towards all. This is the view which was promulgated by Gerald Gardner from the 1950s onwards, and continued by Alex Sanders. There is no doubt that ‘Wicca’ has brought much enjoyment and enlightenment to many people; but there is an older witchcraft, and it is the latter that this book is about. From those who are disturbed.
Witchcraft : a tradition renewed – Anna’s Archive
Alex Sanders, of course is another who claimed hereditary lineage, and like Cochrane, deserves his own place in this history, and we’ll get to both of them later.
Many people have been suspicious of Gardner’s claims, and have accused him of making the whole thing up.
They suggest that the Wicca is no more than the fantasy of an old man colored by a romantic imagination.
One particularly virulent attack upon Gardner came from Charles Cardell, writing under the pseudonym of Rex Nemorensis.
Charles Cardell (1895–1977) was an English Wiccan who propagated his own tradition of witchcraft, the Old Tradition, which was distinct from that of Gerald Gardner. Cardell’s tradition of Wicca venerated a form of the Horned God known as Atho and worked with a coven that met on the grounds of his estate in Surrey. His tradition of Wicca was continued through Raymond Howard’s Coven of Atho. Indeed, it was Cardell who coined the term “Wicca”, and referred to its followers as “Wiccens”
One of Gardner’s initiates who is still active in the Wicca today has an interesting tale to tell about Cardell, whom he knew:
“Cardell claimed to be a Witch, but from a different tradition to Gardner’s.
Cardell was a psychopathic rat, with malevolent intent toward all and sundry.
He managed to get a woman called Olive Green (Florannis) into Gardner’s coven and told her to copy out the Book of Shadows so that Cardell could publish it, and destroy Gardner.
He also contacted a London paper and told them when and where the coven meetings were held, and of course the paper got quite a scoop.
Cardell led people in the coven to believe that it was Doreen Valiente who had informed on them.
Doreen had just left Gardner in a bit of a huff after a disagreement; another coven member, Ned Grove, left with her. Anyway, the day the paper printed the exposure, Cardell sent
Gardner a telegram saying,
“Remember Ameth tonight”.
(Ameth was Doreen’s Craft name, and as it has now been published, I see no reason not to use it here).”
My informant also said that Olive Green was associated with Michael Houghton, owner of Atlantis book shop in Museum Street, who was the publisher of High Magic’s Aid.
Atlantis Bookshop – Wikipedia
Through this association, she also encountered Kenneth Grant of the OTO, although their association was not friendly.
Kenneth Grant, 1924–2011 – { feuilleton }
Cecil Williamson, the original owner of the witchcraft museum on the Isle of Man, and present owner of the Witchcraft Museum in Boscastle, has also published a number of articles where he
states quite categorically that Gardner was an utter fraud; but, he offers only anecdotes to support these allegations.
Although Gardner claimed his initiation occurred in 1939, we don’t really hear anything about him until 1949, when “High Magic’s Aid” was published by Michael Houghton.
This book has very strong Solomonic leanings, but like Gardner’s own religious beliefs, combined the more natural forms of magic with high ceremonial.
In his introduction to the book, Gardner says that: “The Magical rituals are authentic, party from the Key of Solomon (MacGregor Mathers’ translation) and partly from magical MSS in my possession).”
Gardner did indeed have a large collection of MSS, which passed with the rest of his goods to Ripleys in Toronto after his death.
Scire (pseudonym) was the name Gardner took as a member of Crowley’s branch of the OTO; although it is generally agreed that his membership was purely nominal, he was certainly in
contact with people like Kenneth Grant and Madeline Montalban (founder of the Order of the Morning Star).
Madeline Montalban (born Madeline Sylvia Royals; 8 January 1910 – 11 January 1982) was an English astrologer and ceremonial magician. She co-founded the esoteric organisation known as the Order of the Morning Star (OMS), through which she propagated her own form of Luciferianism.
Gardner was given his OTO degree and Charter by Aleister Crowley, to whom he was introduced in 1946 by Arnold Crowther.
Arnold Crowther (born 7 October 1909 in Chatham, Kent, England, UK – died 1 May 1974) was a skilled stage magician, ventriloquist, and puppeteer, and was married to Patricia Crowther. He was born as one of a pair of fraternal twins. During his career he worked in cabaret, and in 1938–1939, he entertained Princess Elizabeth and her sister, Princess Margaret Rose at Buckingham Palace, which got him invited to numerous engagements to entertain the titled gentry of England. Crowther was also a founder, member and President of the Puppet Guild, and he made more than 500 puppets in his lifetime.
As Crowley died in 1947, their association was not long-lived, but Crowther confirms that the two men enjoyed each other’s company
NWO: Jewish Control of Gay Rights – Library of Rickandria
So, after that brief introduction we can have a look at the first of the strands I mentioned.
In 1888, the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn was born, beginning a renaissance of interest in the occult that has continued to the present day.
It is impossible to overstate the importance of the GD to modern occultists; not only in its
rituals, but also in its personalities; and of course, through making available a large body of occult lore that would otherwise have remained unknown or hidden in obscurity.
I will be looking at this body of occult lore with other literary influences later and will here concentrate on the rituals and personalities that have influenced Wicca.
We cannot look at the GD in isolation from its own origins.
It is descended from a myriad of esoteric traditions including Rosicrucianism, Theosophy, and Freemasonry.
SECRET SOCIETY: FREEMASONRY – Library of Rickandria
The latter in its own right, as well as via the SRIA – a scholarly and ceremonial association open to Master Masons only.
Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia – Wikipedia
Whether the German Lodge or Fraulein Sprengel actually existed is a matter still under debate; but either in fact or in spirit, this is the source for the “Cypher Manuscripts” which were used to found the Isis-Urania Lodge in 1888.
As I’m sure everyone knows, Isis-Urania was founded by:
William Wynn Westcott (17 December 1848 – 30 July 1925) was a British coroner, ceremonial magician, theosophist and Freemason born in Leamington, Warwickshire, England. He was a Supreme Magus (chief) of the S.R.I.A. and went on to co-found the Golden Dawn.
William Robert Woodman (1828– 20 December 1891), was Supreme Magus of the SRIA and one of three co-founders of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. Woodman was a medical doctor, horticultural expert and occultist. He was also a member of several metaphysical orders in England.
Samuel Liddell (or Liddel) MacGregor Mathers (8 or 11 January 1854 – 5 or 20 November 1918), born Samuel Liddell Mathers, was a British occultist and member of the S.R.I.A.. He is primarily known as one of the founders of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, a ceremonial magic order of which offshoots still exist. He became so synonymous with the order that Golden Dawn scholar Israel Regardie observed in retrospect that “the Golden Dawn was MacGregor Mathers.”
Not only were all three Master Masons; Wynn-Westcott and Mathers were also members of the Theosophical Society.
The most important thing though is the fact that these three men were a ruling triumvirate that managed the affairs of the SRIA.
This is important, for the SRIA included Hargrave Jennings in its membership, and Jennings is reputed to have been involved with a Pagan group at the end of the 19th century, which drew its inspiration from Apuleius – The Golden Ass.
But back to the GD – whether the Cypher Manuscripts actually existed, or Wynn Westcott manufactured them is now irrelevant; Mathers was commissioned to write-up the rituals into a
workable shape, and thus the Golden Dawn was born.
Members of the Isis-Urania Lodge at various times also included:
Allan Bennett
Moina Mathers
Aleister Crowley,
Florence Farr
Maud Gonne
Annie Horniman
Arthur Machen,
“Fiona Macleod”
Arthur Waite
and WB Yeats.
Also associated were Lady Gregory, and G W Russell, or AE, whose “The Candle of Vision” was included in the bibliography of “The Meaning of Witchcraft”.
The literary and Celtic influences within the GD were immense.
From the Isis-Urania Lodge sprang all the others, including the so-called Dissident Orders derived through Crowley.
It is this line that some commentators trace to modern Wicca, so it is the one upon which we will concentrate.
Aleister Crowley was initiated into the Isis-Urania Lodge on 18 November 1898.
As you most probably know, Crowley later quarreled with MacGregor Mathers, and in 1903 began to create his own Order, the Argenteum Astrum, or Silver Star.
In 1912, Crowley was initiated into the OTO, and in 1921, succeeded Theodor Reuss as its Chief.
Albert Karl Theodor Reuss (German: [ˈteːodoːɐ̯ ˈʁɔʏs]; June 28, 1855 – October 28, 1923), also known by his neo-Gnostic bishop title of Carolus Albertus Theodorus Peregrinus, was a German tantric occultist, freemason, journalist, singer and head of Ordo Templi Orientis.
According to Arnold Crowther’s account, it was in 1946, a year before Crowley’s death, that Crowley gave Gardner an OTO Charter.
Ithell Colquhoun (/ˈaɪθəl kəˈhuːn/ 9 October 1906 – 11 April 1988) was a British painter, occultist, poet and author.
Ithell Colquhoun says only that it occurred in the 1940s, and further states that Gardner introduced material from the OTO, and less directly from the GD, into:
“…the lore of his covens”.
As Doreen Valiente also admits,
“Indeed, the influence of Crowley was very apparent throughout the (Wiccan) rituals.”
This, Gardner explained to her, was because the rituals he received from Old Dorothy’s coven were very fragmentary, and in order to make them workable, he had to supplement them with
other material.
To give an example of some of the lines by Crowley which are rather familiar to modern Wiccans:
I give unimaginable joys on earth; certainty, not faith, while in life, upon death; peace unutterable, rest, ecstasy; nor do I demand aught in sacrifice.
I am Life, and the giver of Life, yet therefore is the knowledge of me the knowledge of death.
And of course, the Gnostic Mass has been immensely influential.
Not only poetry, but also magical practices in Wicca are often derived from GD sources.
For example:
the way of casting the circle: that is, the visualization of the circle, and the pentagrams at the quarters, are both based upon the standard GD Pentagram Ritual; both the concept and word “Watchtowers” are of course from the Enochian system of Magic, passed to Wicca via the GD (although I would like to make it very clear that their use within Wicca bears no relation to the use within Enochia – the only similarity is in the name);
the Elements and colors generally attributed to the Quarters are those of the GD; the weapons and their attributions are a combination of GD, Crowley and Key of Solomon.
In “Witchcraft Today”, Gardner says,
“The people who certainly would have had the knowledge and ability to invent (the Wiccan rites) were the people who formed the Order of the Golden Dawn about seventy years ago…”
The GD is not the only influence upon Gardner; Freemasonry has had a tremendous impact upon the Wicca.
Not only were the three founders of Isis-Urania Temple Masons, so too were Crowley and Waite; Gardner and at least one member of the first coven (Daffo) were both Co-Masons.
Gardner was also a friend of JSM Ward, who had published a number of books about
Masonry.
John Sebastian Marlow Ward (22 December 1885 – 1949) was an English author who published widely on the subject of Freemasonry and esotericism. He was also the leader of a Christian sect, and the founder of the Abbey Folk Park, the earliest example of a folk park in Britain. He was born in what is now Belize. In 1908 he graduated from the University of Cambridge with honors in history, following in the footsteps of his father, Herbert Ward, who also had studied history before entering the priesthood of the Anglican Church. John Ward became a prolific and sometimes controversial writer on a wide variety of topics. He made contributions to the history of Freemasonry and other secret societies. He was also a psychic medium or spiritualist, a prominent churchman and is still seen by some as a mystic and modern-day prophet.
Doreen describes Ward as a “leading Mason”, but Francis King says only that Ward was,
“a bogus Bishop… who had written some quite good but far-fetched books on masonry, and who ran a peculiar religious-cum-occult community called The Abbey of Christ the King…”
Whether the books were far-fetched or not, we can assume that some of the many similarities between Wicca and Masonry are in some ways due to Ward’s influence.
Some of these include:
- The Three Degrees
- The Craft
- So Mote It Be
- The Challenge
- Properly Prepared
- The 1st Degree Oath (in part)
- Presentation of the Working Tools at 1st degree
and so on.
JSM Ward – Search – Anna’s Archive
It seems to me quite clear that even if Gardner received a traditional set of rituals from his coven, they must have been exceptionally sparse, as the concepts that we know of as Wicca
today certainly derive from ceremonial magic and Freemasonry to a very great extent.
Indeed, Gardner always claimed that they were sparse.
It could be argued that all derive from a common source.
That the appearance of a phrase, or technique in one tradition does not automatically suggest that its appearance elsewhere means that the one was taken from the other.
However, Gardner admits his sources in many cases, and Doreen confirms them in others,
so, I think it is safe to presume that the rituals and philosophy used by Wicca descends from the traditions of Freemasonry and Ceremonial magic, rather than from a single common source.
However, as Hudson Frew points out in his commentary upon Aidan Kelly’s book, the phenomena of the techniques and practices of ceremonial magic influencing folk
magic and traditions are widely recognized by anthropologists and certainly does not indicate plagiarism.
And of course, there are many traditional witchcraft aspects in the Wicca.
We have looked at the development of the magical orders which resulted from the British occult revival of the 19th and 20th centuries, and now we can see where this ties in with Wicca,
and Gardner’s claim of traditional initiation.
I have here a “family tree” of the main branches of British Wicca.
It is by no means exhaustive, and is intended to provide an outline, not a definitive history!
I have included my own coven lines and development as an indication of the kind of “cross-over” of tradition which often occurs, not to suggest that these are the only active groups!
Also, it would not be ethical for me to include details of other covens.
We have two possible “hereditary” sources to the Gardnerian Craft: one, the Horsa Coven of Old Dorothy, and two, the Cumbrian Group which Rae Bone claims to have been initiated into before meeting Gardner.
(NB: Doreen Valiente says that the Horsa Coven is not connected with Old Dorothy, but is
another group entirely.)
There is also sometimes mention of a St Alban’s group that pre-dates Gardner, but as far as I know, this is mistaken.
The St Albans group was Gardner’s own group, which as far as research confirms, did not pre-date him.
To return to Rae Bone: she was one of Gardner’s HPSs, and her “line” has been immensely important to the modern Wicca; she was featured in the magazine series, “Man Myth and Magic” if anyone has a copy of that.
In her heyday she ran two covens: one in Cumbria, and one in South London.
Rae is still alive, and lives in Cumbria, although her last coven moved to New Zealand many years ago, and she is no longer active.
No-one has ever been able to trace the coven in New Zealand.
At this point, I will just mention George Pickingill, although he is not shown on the tree, as I think it extremely dubious that he had any connection with Gardner, or any other modern
Wiccan.
George Pickingill (c. 1816 – 10 April 1909) was an English farm labourer who lived and worked in the village of Canewdon in the eastern English county of Essex. Widely considered to be a cunning man, or vocational folk magician, he reportedly employed magical means to offer cures for ailments and to locate lost property, although was also alleged to have threatened to place curses on people.
Pickingill died in 1909, whilst Gardner was still in Malaya.
Eric Maple is largely responsible for the beginnings of the Pickingill myth, which were expanded by Bill Liddell (Lugh) writing in “The Wiccan” and “The Cauldron” throughout the
1970s.
Mike Howard still has some of Liddell’s material which he has never published, and I have yet to meet anyone within the British Craft who gives credence to Liddell’s claims.
In the book, “The Dark World of Witches”, published in 1962, Maple tells of a number of village wise women and cunning men, one of whom is George Pickingill.
The Dark World Of Witches – Anna’s Archive
There is a photograph included of an old man with a stick, holding a hat, which Maple describes as Pickingill.
This photograph has subsequently been re-used many times in books about witchcraft and Wicca.
Issue number 31 of “Insight” Magazine, dated July 1984, contains a very interesting letter from John Pope:
“The photograph purporting to be Old George Pickingill is in fact a photo of Alf Cavill, a station porter at Ellstree,taken in the early 1960s.
Alf is now dead, but he was no witch, and laughed over the photograph when he saw it.”
A very respected Craft authority has told me that he believes the photo, which is in his possession, to be of Pickingill, but like so much to do with Craft history, there is no
definitive answer to this one.
Many claims were made by Liddell; some obviously from cloud-cuckoo land, others which could, by a stretch of the imagination, be accepted.
The very idea of Pickingill, an illiterate farm laborer, coordinating and supervising nine covens across the breadth of the UK is staggering.
To accept -as Liddell avers – that he had the likes of Alan Bennett and Aleister Crowley as his pupils bends credulity even further.
The infamous photograph which Liddell claims shows Crowley, Bennett and Pickingill together has conveniently disappeared, and no-one admits to ever having seen it. Like most of
Liddell’s claims, nothing has ever been substantiated, and when pushed, he retreats into the time honored favorite of,
“I can’t reveal that – you’re not an initiate”
But to return to the family tree:
the names of:
- Doreen Valiente
- Pat and Arnold Crowther
- Lois Bourne (Hemmings)
- Jack Bracelin
and Monique Wilson will probably be the most familiar to you.
Jack Bracelin is the author of Gardner’s biography, “Gerald Gardner, Witch”, (published 1960) now out of print, although still available 2nd hand, and in libraries.
(In Crafting the Art of Magic, Kelly claims that this book was actually written by Idries Shah, and simply published under Bracelin’s name.
As with every other claim, Kelly offers no evidence of this)
I have seen a copy of Bracelin’s Book of Shadows, which it is claimed dates from 1949, although in The Rebirth of Witchcraft, Doreen says that Bracelin was a “relative
newcomer” in the mid-1950s.
I have also been told by two different sources that Bracelin helped Gardner write “The
Laws”.
In The Rebirth of Witchcraft, Doreen states that she did not see The Laws until the mid 1950s, when she and her partner Ned Grove accused Gardner of concocting them in order to re-assert control over the coven.
As Bracelin was in the Gardner camp during the break-up of the group, it seems reasonable that he did in fact help with their composition.
(NB: Alex Sanders increased the number of “The Laws” much later – these appeared in June Johns’ book, “The King of the Witches”)
Although Doreen claims that the reason for the coven break-up was the fact that Gardner and Bracelin were publicity crazy, there was another reason, which was the instatement of a new
lady into the coven, effectively replacing Doreen as HPS.
This is also the main reason for Gerald’s Law which states that the HPS will,
“…gracefully retire in favor of a younger woman, should the coven so decide in council.”
Needless to say, Doreen was not impressed, and she and Ned left the coven under very acrimonious circumstances.
It was quite some time before Doreen had contact with Gardner again, and they never quite
regained the degree of friendship that had previously existed.
Monique and Campbell Wilson are infamous, rather than famous, as Gardner’s heirs who sold off his magical equipment and possessions after his death, to Ripleys in the USA.
Ripley’s Believe It or Not! | Aquariums, Attractions, Museums
Monique was the last of his Priestesses, and many Wiccans today still spit when her name is mentioned.
Monique & Campbell Wilson, an interview – The Gates of the Sidh
Pat Crowther was rather scathing about her recently in an interview, and in The Rebirth of Witchcraft, although Doreen tells of the sale of Gardner’s magical possessions to Ripleys, she doesn’t ever mention the Wilsons by name.
In effect, the Craft closed ranks against them, and they became outcasts.
Eventually, in the face of such opposition they had to sell the Museum in Castletown, and they moved to Torremolinos, where they bought a cafe.
Monique died nine years after selling the Museum.
It is rumored that Campbell Wilson moved to the USA, and met with a car accident there: this is only hearsay though – I really do not know for sure what happened to him.
However, Monique was influential in a way that even she could not have imagined, when in 1964 or 65 she initiated Ray Buckland, who with his wife Rosemary (later divorced), was very influential in the development of the Wicca in the USA.
Fortunately, Richard and Tamarra James managed to buy the bulk of Gardner’s collection back from Ripleys in 1987, for the princely sum of US $40,000, and it is now back within the Craft, and available for initiates to consult and view.
D and C S. are probably completely anonymous, and if it were not for the fact that C initiated Robert Cochrane (briefly mentioned earlier) they would probably stay that way!
Cochrane’s origins are obscure, but I have been told that he was initiated into the Gardnerian tradition by C S, and met Doreen Valiente through a mutual acquaintance in 1964.
When he met Doreen, however, he claimed to be a hereditary witch, from a different tradition to Gardner’s, and as Doreen confirms, was contemptuous of what he called “Gardnerian” witches.
Indeed, Doreen believes he coined the term, “Gardnerian”.
Doreen said she was completely taken in by Cochrane and for a while, worked with him and the “Clan of Tubal-Cain” as he described his tradition, which was also known as “The Royal Windsor Cuveen”, or 1734.
The figures “1734” have an interesting history.
Doreen gives a rather strange account of them in The Rebirth of Witchcraft, contradicts what Cochrane himself describes in a letter to Joe Wilson, dated “12th Night 1966”, where he says,
“…the order of 1734 is not a date of an event but a grouping of numerals that mean something to a witch.
“One that becomes seven states of wisdom – the Goddess of the Cauldron.
Three that are the Queens of the Elements – fire belonging alone to Man, and the Blacksmith God.
Four that are Queens of the Wind Gods.
Night Wind – Library of Rickandria
“The Jewish orthodoxy believe that whomever knows the Holy and Unspeakable name of God has absolute power over the world of form.
Very briefly, the name of God spoken as Tetragrammaton… breaks down in Hebrew to the letters YHVH, or the Adam Kadmon (The Heavenly Man).
Adam Kadmon is a composite of all Archangels – in other words a poetic statement of the names of the Elements.
“So, what the Jew and the Witch believe alike, is that the man who discovers the secret of the Elements controls the physical world.
1734 is the witch way of saying YHVH.” (Cochrane, 1966)
Although Doreen says that Cochrane’s group was small, it still proved to be remarkably influential.
As well as Cochrane and his wife (whom Doreen refers to as “Jean”) and Doreen herself, there were others who are well-known today, and a man called Ronald White, who very much wanted to bring about a new age in England, with the return of King Arthur.
In The Rebirth of Witchcraft, Doreen elaborates upon the circumstances surrounding the death of Cochrane:
the bald facts are that he died at the Summer Solstice of 1966 of an overdose.
Craft tradition believes that he became in fact, and of his own choice, the male ritual sacrifice which is sometimes symbolically enacted at the height of Summer.
The Royal Windsor Cuveen disbanded after Cochrane died, only to be re-born from the ashes at Samhain that year under a new name – The Regency.
The Regency & the Cochrane Coven, by John of Monmouth « Ronald ‘Chalky’ White
All of its early members were from the Royal Windsor Cuveen, and they were under the leadership of Ronald White.
The Regency proved to be of great importance to the development of the Wicca, although its existence was kept a fairly close secret, and even today, there are relatively few people who have ever heard of it.
Meetings were held in North London, at a place called Queens Wood.
As well as Ron White and Doreen Valiente, members included “John Math”, founder of the Witchcraft Research Association in 1964, and editor of Pentagram magazine, and the founder of the Pagan Movement, Tony Kelly.
At its height, there were frequently more than 40 in attendance at rites, which tended to be of the dramatic, pagan kind rather than the ceremonial associated with high ritual magic.
The Regency operated fairly consistently for over twelve years, finally disbanding in 1978.
The Membership roll reads like a who’s who of the British Wicca!
Some of the rites have been incorporated into modern Wiccan rituals – in fact, one was used at the Pan European Wiccan Conference 1991 with very great success.
Moving back over to Rae Bone’s line, there are a number of influential people here, mainly through her initiates, Madge and Arthur, who probably take the award for the most prolific
pair in Wiccandom!
Rae, although initiated by Gardner, does of course also claim a hereditary status in her own right.
Madge and Arthur’s initiates include:
John and Jean Score
John Score was the partner of Michael Houghton (mentioned earlier), and the founder of the Pagan Federation, which is very active today.
Houghton died under very mysterious circumstances, which is briefly mentioned in “The Sword of Wisdom” by Ithell Colquhoun.
My Craft source told me that this was actually a ritual that went badly wrong, and Houghton ended up on the wrong end of some fairly potent energies.
There is an interesting anecdote about Houghton in The Rebirth of Witchcraft, which is taken from “Nightside of Eden” by Kenneth Grant, and agrees in some respect to a similar story
that I was told some years ago.
Doreen suggests in The Rebirth of Witchcraft that the story may relate to a magical working
involving Kenneth Grant and his wife, Gardner, Dolores North (Madeline Montalban), and an un-named witch, who was probably Olive Green.
They were all to perform a ritual together, supposedly to contact an extra-terrestrial being.
The material basis for the rite, which took place in 1949, was a drawing by AO Spare.
Apparently soon after the rite commenced, a nearby bookseller (Michael Houghton) turned up and interrupted proceedings.
On hearing that Kenneth Grant was within, he declined to enter, and wandered off.
The rite was disrupted, and the story goes that everyone just went home.
Kenneth Grant claims that as a result of disturbing their working, Houghton’s marriage broke up, and that Houghton died in mysterious circumstances.
In fact, the Houghton divorce was a cause celebre, with her suing him for cruelty because he
boasted of being a Sagittarian while sneering at her because she was only a dingy old Capricorn!
The interrupted ritual could well have taken place.
Madeline had a flat near to Atlantis (Houghton’s shop), and would certainly have known both Grant and Houghton.
I know for a fact that Madeline was acquainted with Gerald, although her opinion of both him and the Wicca was rather poor.
One of Madeline’s older students told me that she thought Gardner rather a fraud, and ritually inept.
She also had a very low opinion of Wiccans, and refused to allow her own students to
participate in Wiccan rites.
The reason for this lies in an anecdote which Doreen doesn’t relate:
the story goes that Madeline agreed to participate in a rite with Gerald, which turned out to involve Madeline being tied up and tickled with a feather duster!
The great lady was not amused.
Prudence Jones
Prudence Jones — Magickal Women Conference
Prudence was for many years the president of the Pagan Federation, and editor of its newsletter.
She inherited her role from John Score, after he passed away.
With Nigel Pennick, Prudence also runs the Pagan Anti-Defamation League (PADL) and is an active astrologer and therapist.
She has edited a book on astrology, and with Caitlin Matthews, edited “Voices from the Circle”, published by Aquarian Press.
Although Prudence took her degree in Philosophy, her main interests lie in the areas of the Grail and troubadour tales, and she has published privately an excellent essay on the Grail and Wicca.
She is also a very highly respected astrologer, who lectures extensively in Britain.
Vivianne and Chris Crowley
Vivianne Crowley, is author of “Wicca – The Old Religion in the New Age”, and also secretary of the Pagan Federation.
Wicca is said to be the oldest religion in the world. Today, growing numbers of people are becoming attracted to the old way. In this bestselling, introductory book, Vivianne Crowley explains the way of the Witch and shows the relevance of modern Wicca in today’s world. Sales
Wicca has sold over 75,000 copies since publication.
Regarded as the classic text on the subject and recommended reading in many Wiccan websites and publications.
Vivianne Crowley is the leading authority in this field.
Paganism is the fastest growing spirituality in the UK and US, according to recent newspaper surveys, especially amongst young people.
Pagans, Wiccans, anyone interested in alternative spirituality.
Wicca by Scott Cunningham (Llewellyn), Wicca Handbook by Eileen Holland (Robert Hale)
Vivianne Crowley Ph.D. is a writer and psychologist who lectures in Psychology of Religion at the University of London.
She is a renowned authority on Wicca and lectures all over the world.
She is the author of many books on contemporary spirituality and psychology, including Your Dark Side, Free Your Creative Spirit, The Way of Wicca and A Woman’s Guide to the Earth Traditions.
Wicca, New Edition: A Comprehensive Guide to the Old Religion in the Modern World – Anna’s Archive
She has a PhD in Psychology and is perhaps the only person to have been a member of both a Gardnerian Coven and an Alexandrian one simultaneously!
Vivianne is very active at the moment and has initiated people in Germany (having memorized the ritual in German – a language she doesn’t speak!), Norway, and – on the astral – Brazil.
As a result of her book, she receives many letters from people from all around the world, and organized the first ever pan-European Wiccan conference, held in Germany 1990.
The second conference was held in Britain at the June solstice, and the third (1992) in Norway.
In 1993, the Conference will be in Scotland.
John and Kathy (Caitlin) Matthews are probably well-known to everyone, but possibly their Gardnerian initiations are not such common knowledge.
The story that John Matthews relates in “Voices from the Circle” is essentially the one which he told the HPS who initiated him.
Pat and Arnold Crowther
I have left Pat and Arnold till last, as it is from their line that the infamous Alex Sanders derives!
Alex Sanders (6 June 1926 – 30 April 1988), born Orrell Alexander Carter, who went under the craft name Verbius, was an English occultist and High Priest in the modern Pagan religion of Wicca, responsible for founding, and later developing with Maxine Sanders, the tradition of Alexandrian Wicca, also called Alexandrian Witchcraft, during the 1960s.
It is no secret anymore that Alex, far from being initiated by his grandmother when he was seven, was in fact turned down by Pat Crowther in 1961, but was later accepted by one of her ex-coven members, Pat Kopanski, and initiated to 1st Degree.
In “The Rebirth of Witchcraft” Doreen says that Alex later met Gardner and was allowed to copy from the Book of Shadows; Craft tradition is somewhat different!
It has always been said (even by Alex’s supporters!) that he pinched what he could from Pat Kopanski before being chucked out, and that the main differences between the Alexandrian and Gardnerian Books of Shadows occur where Alex mis-heard, or mis-copied something!
There are certainly significant differences between the two Books; some parts of Gardnerian ritual are quite unknown within the Alexandrian tradition, and the ritual techniques are often different.
It is usually very easy to spot whether someone is an Alexandrian, or Gardnerian initiate.
Alex needed a HPS, and as we know, chose Maxine Morris for the role.
Maxine Sanders (born Arline Maxine Morris; 30 December 1946, in Cheshire) is a key figure in the development of modern pagan witchcraft and Wicca and, along with her late husband, Alex Sanders, the co-founder of Alexandrian Wicca.
Maxine is a striking Priestess and made a very good visual focus for the movement which grew in leaps and bounds.
In the late 1960s, Alex and Maxine were prolific initiators, and a number of their initiates have become well known.
Some came to Australia, and there are still a number of covens in the UK today whose HP and/or HPS was initiated by Alex or Maxine.
Alex and Maxine’s most famous initiates are almost certainly Janet and Stewart Farrar, who left them in 1971 to form their own coven, first in England, then later, in Ireland.
Through their books, they have probably had the most influence over the direction that the modern Craft has taken.
Janet and Stewart Farrar – Search – Anna’s Archive
Certainly, in Australia, the publication of “What Witches Do” was an absolute watershed, and with Janet and Stewart’s consistent output, their form of Wicca is more likely to become the
“standard” than any other type.
Since their early days of undiluted Alexandrianism, they have drifted somewhat towards a more Gardnerian approach, and today, tell everyone that there are no differences between the two traditions.
In fact, despite the merging that has been occurring over the last few years, there are very distinct differences between the traditions; some merely external, others of a very significant difference of philosophy.
Seldiy Bate was originally magically trained by Madeline Montalban and then took an Alexandrian initiation from Maxine and Alex.
Her husband, Nigel, was also initiated by Maxine, and they have been “public” witches for a number of years now, often appearing on TV, radio and in the press.
Their background in ritual magic is expressed in the type of coven that they run; a combination of Wicca and Ceremonial Magic.
In 1971, Alex and Maxine went their separate ways.
David Goddard is a Liberal Catholic Priest, and for many years, he and Maxine worked in the Liberal Catholic faith, and did not run a coven of any kind.
Then in 1984, Maxine gathered together a group again, and started practicing a combination
of Wicca, Qabalah and Liberal Catholicism.
She and David separated in 1987, and since then her coven has been exclusively Wiccan.
In 1989, she married one of her initiates, Vincent, and they are still running an active coven in London today.
Alex’s history after the split was a little more sordid, with one girl he married, Jill, filling the gutter press with stories about Alex being homosexual, and defrauding her of all her money to spend on his boyfriends.
Sally Taylor was initiated by Maxine and David, but then transferred to Alex.
Sally Taylor and Dave Mapley
She was trained by him, and then started her own group.
I’d now like to focus upon the last of the strands which I believe has been influential upon the birth and development of Wicca; that of the literary traditions and sources to which Gardner would have had access.
To a certain extent these are contiguous with the magical traditions described earlier, as
nowhere is it ever suggested that Gardner did in fact ever work in a magical Lodge, so we must assume that his knowledge came from the written form of the rites, not from the actual
practice of them.
From reading Gardner’s books, it is quite apparent that Margaret Murray had a tremendous impact upon him.
Margaret Alice Murray FSA Scot FRAI (13 July 1863 – 13 November 1963) was an Anglo-Indian Egyptologist, archaeologist, anthropologist, historian, and folklorist. The first woman to be appointed as a lecturer in archaeology in the United Kingdom, she worked at University College London (UCL) from 1898 to 1935. She was president of the Folklore Society from 1953 to 1955, and published widely.
Her book, “The God of the Witches” was published in 1933, and twelve years previously, “The Witch Cult in Western Europe” had appeared.
The God of the witches – Anna’s Archive
“The God of the Witches” has been tremendously influential on a number of people, and certainly inspired Gardner.
In fact, “Witchcraft Today”, published by Gardner in 1954 contained a foreword by Margaret Murray.
At this time, remember, Murray’s work was still taken seriously, and she remained the contributor on the subject of witchcraft for the Encyclopedia Britannica for a number of years.
Now of course her work has been largely discredited, although she remains a source of inspiration, if not historical accuracy.
In Gardner’s day, the idea of a continuing worship of the old pagan gods would have been a staggering theory, and in the second article in my series about Murray (published in The Cauldron), I made the point that Murray may have had to pretend scientific veracity in order to get her work published in such times.
Don’t forget that Dion Fortune had to publish her work privately, as did Gardner with High Magic’s Aid.
Carlo Ginzburg’s excellent book, “Ecstasies”, also supports Murray’s basic premise, although of course he regrets her historical deceptions.
There were of course other sources than Murray.
In 1899, “Aradia: Gospel of the Witches” was published.
Most of Crowley’s work was available during the pre- and post-war years, as were the texts written and translated by MacGregor Mathers and Waite.
Also readily available were works such as The Magus, and of course the classics, from which Gardner drew much inspiration.
Of paramount importance would have been “The White Goddess”, by Robert Graves, which is still a standard reference book on any British Wiccan’s bookshelf.
This was published in 1952; three years after High Magic’s Aid appeared, and two years
before Gardner’s first non-fictional book about witchcraft.
I would just like to say at this point that Graves has taken some very unfair criticism in respect of this book.
The White Goddess was written as a work of poetry, not history, and to criticize it for being historically inaccurate is to miss the point.
Unfortunately, I agree that some writers have referred to it as an “authority” and thus led their readers up the garden path.
This is not Graves’s fault, nor do I believe it was his intention.
Another book which has had a profound influence on many Wiccans, and would undoubtedly have been well known by Gardner is “The Golden Bough”; although the entire book was written based upon purely secondary research, it is an extensive examination of many pagan practices from the Ancient World, and the emphasis of the male sacrifice could certainly have
been taken from here equally as well as from Murray.
Certain of the Gardnerian ritual practices were almost certainly derived from The Golden Bough, or from Frazer’s own sources.
In “Witchcraft Today” Gardner mentions a number of authors when speculating where the Wiccan rites came from.
He says that,
“The only man I can think of who could have invented the rites was the late Aleister Crowley.”
He continues to say,
“The only other man I can think of who could have done it is Kipling…”
He also mentions that,
“Hargrave Jennings might have had a hand in them…”
and then suggests that:
“Barrat (sic) of The Magus, circa 1800, would have had the ability to invent or resurrect the cult.”
It’s possible that these references are something of a damage control operation by Gardner, who, according to Doreen, was not too impressed when she kept telling him that she recognized certain passages in the Witch rites!
“Witchcraft Today” was published the year after Doreen’s initiation, and perhaps by seeming genuinely interested in where the Rites came from, Gardner thought he might give the appearance of innocence of their construction!
As mentioned previously, Gardner also had a large collection of unpublished MSS, which he used extensively, and one has only to read his books to realize that he was a very well-read
man, with wide-ranging interests. Exactly the sort of man who would be able to draw together a set of rituals if required.
The extensive bibliography to “The Meaning of Witchcraft” published in 1959, demonstrates this rather well.
Gardner includes Magick in Theory and Practice and The Equinox of the Gods by Crowley; The Mystical Qabalah by Dion Fortune; The Goetia; The White Goddess (Graves); Lady Charlotte Guest’s translation of The Mabinogion; English Folklore by Christina Hole; The Kabbalah Unveiled and the Abramelin by Mathers; both Margaret Murray’s books and Godfrey Leland’s Gypsy Sorcery, as well as a myriad of classic texts, from Plato to Bede!
Although this bibliography postdates the creation of Gardnerian Wicca, it certainly indicates from where Gardner draws his inspiration from.
There are also several books listed which are either directly, or indirectly, concerned with sex magic, Priapic Cults, or Tantra.
Hargrave Jenning, mentioned earlier, wrote a book called “The Rosicrucians, their Rites and Mysteries”, which Francis King describes as a book,
“concerned almost exclusively with phallicism and phallic images – Jennings saw the penis everywhere.”
As I mentioned earlier, Hargrave Jennings, a member of the SRIA, also belonged to a group, described as a coven, which met in the Cambridge area in the 1870s, and performed rituals
based upon the classical traditions – specifically, from The Golden Ass.
There is no evidence to support this, except that there are often found references to a “Cambridge Coven” linked to Jennings’ name.
Many of the rituals we are familiar with today were of course later additions by Doreen Valiente, and these have been well documented by both her and the Farrars, in a number of books.
Doreen admits that she deliberately cut much of the poetry by Aleister Crowley, and substituted either her own work, or poems from other sources, such as the Carmina Gadelica.
Of course, we can never really know the truth about the origins of the Wicca.
Gardner may have been an utter fraud; he may have actually received a “Traditional” initiation; or, as a number of people have suggested, he may have created the Wicca as a result of a genuine religious experience, drawing upon his extensive literary and magical knowledge to create, or help create the rites and philosophy.
What I think we can be fairly certain about is that he was sincere in his belief. If there had been no more to the whole thing than an old man’s fantasy, then the Wicca would not have grown to be the force that it is today, and we would not all be sitting here in Canberra on a Saturday morning!
SAUCE
I found a text file with this info on it, much like a lot of my finds, but here are a couple other sites that have the same article.
History Of Wicca In England: 1939 – Present Day
OTHER INFO:
A bad witch’s blog: Authors’ 2025 Plans: Julia Phillips on Witchcraft History
The Untold Chapter Of British Traditional Wicca – Julia Phillips – The Last Tuesday Society
Interviews with Well known Pagans and Witches Julia Phillips – Centre For Pagan Studies
Talk: The History & Endurance of Witchcraft with Dr Julia Phillips – Hen & Chicken